evs

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Solid Waste Management

Geena Prasad

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What is Solid Waste?

 Solid Waste (also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse,

garbage, or junk) is unwanted or unusable materials.

What is Solid Waste Management?

 SWM is the control of generation, storage, collection,

transfer and transportation, processing and disposal of

solid wastes.

 This includes all technological, financial, institutional and

legal aspects involved to solve the whole spectrum of

issues related solid wastes

 Objective: Reduction in generation and proper disposal..

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Major types of SW

 Municipal Waste

 Hazardous Waste

 Biomedical Waste

 Electronic Waste

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Municipal Solid Waste

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Classification of SW

 Classified into two

 based on source of generation

 based on type

Classification based on Source

 Residential

 Commercial

 Institutional

 Municipal

 Industrial

 Agricultural

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Classification based on type

Biodegradable Non-biodegradable

consist of

inorganic and

consist of organic recyclable

matter and can

materials which

be degraded cannot be

degraded

Paper, food waste,

Plastics

vegetables and

fruit peels, wood, Glass

etc. Metals

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Type Description Source

Garbage Wastes from the preparation, cooking and serving of food, market Households, institutions and

refuse, waste from the handling, storage, and sale of produce and commercial concerns such as

meat. hotels, stores, restaurants,

Combustible Combustible (primarily organic) paper, cardboard, cartons, wood, market, etc

& non- boxes, plastic, rags, cloth, bedding, leather, rubber, grass, leaves,

combustible yard trimmings etc.

Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating building

cinders

Bulky wastes Large auto parts, tyres, stoves, refrigerators, other large Streets, sidewalks, alleys,

appliances, furniture, large crates, trees branches, stumps etc vacant plots etc.

Street wastes Street sweepings, dirt, leaves etc.

Dead animals Dogs, cats, rats, donkeys etc.

Abandoned Automobiles and spare parts

vehicles

Construction Roofing and sheathing scraps, rubble, broken concrete, plaster, Construction and demolition

& demolition conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc sites

wastes

Industrial Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and Factories, power plants etc

wastes manufacturing operations, such as food processing wastes, boiler

house cinders, wood, plastic and metal scraps, shaving etc.

Hazardous Pathological wastes, explosives, radioactive materials etc. Households, hospitals,

wastes institutions,stores, industry etc

Animals & Manure, crop residues etc. Livestock, farms, feedlots and

agricultural agriculture

wastes

Sewage Coarse screening grit, septic tank sludge, dewatered sludge. Sewage treatment plants and

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treatment septic tanks.

residue

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Degeneration Time -Solid Wastes

Category Type of waste Approximate time

taken to degenerate

Organic waste such as A week or two

vegetable and fruit

peels, food waste etc

Paper Upto 30 days

Biodegradable

Cotton cloth 2-5 months

Woollen items 1 year

Wood upto15 years

Non-biodegradable Tin, aluminum, and 100-500 years

other metal items such

as cans

Plastic bags One million years?

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Glass bottles Undetermined

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Functional elements associated with SWM

•Waste generation

•Waste Storage

•Waste collection

•Transfer & transport

•Processing

•Disposal of final rejects

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Composition of Municipal waste

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SWM Activities-2 major areas

S W M

Social Technological

Engineering Interventions

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Solid Waste Management in India

 SWM is the primary responsibility and duty of the Urban

Local Bodies

 Direction from Supreme Court - MoEF issued Municipal

Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

 These rules stipulate various steps and standards for

achieving effective SWM

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SWM In India-contd..

 CPHEEO estimation- Per capita waste

generation 200 to 600 gm/day

 CPCB: collection coverage is 50 to 90%

and 94% of the collected waste disposed of

without scientific management practices

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Some Facts about MSW in India

• There are 4,378 cities and towns in India

• Total urban population : 28.5 crores

• 423 are class I cities (population exceeds 1 lakh)

• These contribute more than 72% of the total

MSW

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Waste Generation in Class 1 Cities

Type of cities Waste % of total

generated- garbage

Tonnes/day

The 7 mega cities 21,100 18.35

The 28 metro cities 19,643 17.08

The 388 class 1 towns 42,635 37.07

Total 83,378 72.50

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Status of SWM in Kerala

LSGIs Waste generated- % of total waste

Tonnes/day

Corporations 1069 18.19

Municipalities 683 11.62

Gr. Panchayats 4126 70.19

Total 5878 100

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WASTE GENERATION

 Information on waste quantity and composition is

essential for formulating SWM plan for any city

 Factors affecting waste generation

 Location

 Climate

 Socio-economic factors

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Waste Characteristics

Chemical

Lipids

Physical Carbohydrates

Proteins

•Density of waste Natural fibres

•Moisture content Synthetic organic

•Size materials

Non-

combustibles

etc.

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WASTE COLLECTION,

STORAGE

& TRANSPORT

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The factors that influence the waste collection system

Collection

Record points

Collection

keeping &

frequency

Documentation

Transfer WASTE Storage

Station WASTE containers

COLLECTION,

COLLECTION,

STORAGE

STORAGE

&TRANSPORT

& TRANSPORT

Collection

Collection

Vehicle

crew

Routing

Collection Collection

Vehicles route

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Collection points

Residential Commercial Industrial

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Collection frequency

Climatic conditions

and requirements Containers Costs

of a locality

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Storage

Activities associated with the handling of

SW until they are placed in the containers

used for storage before collection

ON-SITE STORAGE:

Factors considered:

1. Types of containers used

2. Container Locations

3. Public health

4. Aesthetics Segregation at source

5. Methods of Collection

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Collection crew

The size of the collection crew depends on

The size and type of collection vehicle

used

Space between the houses

Waste generation rate

Collection frequency.

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 Various management arrangements, ranging

from municipal services, using self help groups

to franchised services are prevailing for waste

collection.

 Kerala, one of the pioneering states that

implemented the decentralization of power to

local governments has initiated many models in

collection of solid wastes from the sources to the

transportation points using the Self Help Groups,

known as Kudumbasree groups, formed under

the State Poverty Alleviation Mission.

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Kudumbasree groups are

involved in collection of wastes

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Waste Collection

Separate vehicles have to be employed to

transport the biodegradable waste &

mixed non-recyclable waste.

All waste to be collected from collection

points within 24 hrs.

There can be many deficiencies in the

collection system, the main deficiency

being spillage during loading operations

and collection on need basis.

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Collection Vehicles

The collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle, a

pushcart or a trailer towed by a suitable prime

mover (tractor, etc).

The collection vehicle selected must be appropriate

to the terrain, type and density of waste generation

points, the way it travels and type and kind of

material

It also depends upon strength, stature and capability

of the crew that will work with it. The collection

vehicle may be small and simple (e.g., two-

wheeled cart pulled by an individual) or large,

complex and energy intensive (e.g., rear loading

compactor truck).

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Small-scale collection

 generally used in rural hilly areas

 These can be small rickshaws,

carts or wagons pulled by people

or animals, and are less expensive,

easier to build and maintain

compared to other vehicles

 They are suitable for densely

populated areas with narrow lanes,

and squatter settlements, where

there is relatively low volume of

waste generated

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Non-compactor trucks

Non-compactor trucks are efficient and

cost effective in small cities and in areas

where wastes tend to be very dense and

have little potential for compaction

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Compactor vehicles

•The vehicles equipped

with hydraulic loading

arm hook the bins and

unload the waste into

the vehicle

compartment

•The manual handling

of waste is avoided

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Collection route

Proper planning of collection route helps conserve energy

and minimize working hours and vehicle fuel consumption.

It is necessary, therefore, to develop detailed route

configurations and collection schedules for the selected

collection system.

Barriers, such as railroad, embankments, rivers and roads

with heavy traffic, can be considered to divide route territories.

Routing (network) analyses and planning can be done

using the detailed maps prepared using remote sensing

data and GIS

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Collection Vehicle Routing

Efficient routing of solid waste collection vehicles

can help decrease costs by reducing the labour

expended for collection.

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Transportation of Waste

Compactors and properly covered dump trucks were

to be utilized to transport the waste to the landfill site.

Separate vehicles were to be employed for

transportation of biodegradable waste and mixed

recyclable waste.

Compactor loaders directly lift the bin, unload the

waste and replace it in the original position.

Choice of vehicle depends on the access roads to

individual sites.

Dump trucks are fitted with hydraulic equipments

which enable them to unload waste without the help

of manual labour.

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Record keeping and

Documentation

 Records of personnel and quantities of

wastes collected are useful in determining

the efficiency of the personnel and in

correlating waste quantities with conditions

in the service area. A time keeping system

at the transfer or disposal site is a key

element in improving the efficiency of

collection system and planning an upgraded

system

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Technological Options

Thermo-chemical

Bio-chemical

Conversion

conversion

Composting Incineration

Pyrolysis &

Gasification

Bio-methanation

Plasma Pyrolysis

Refuse Derived Fuel

(RDF)

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Composting

 Composting is the biodegradation of organic matter like food

waste, vegetable waste, garden waste etc – producing humus

 The decomposition is performed by micro-organisms, mostly

bacteria, but also yeasts and fungi.

 Composting proceeds through 4 phases

1. Mesophilic 2. Thermophilic

3. Cooling 4. Maturation

phase-upto phase-upto

o o phase phase

40 C 70 C

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Different types of Composting

 Windrow

 Aerated static pile

 In-vessel composting

 Vermi composting

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Windrow Composting

 Windrows are defined as regularly turned elongated

piles, trapezoidal in cross section.

 Size of Windrows- upto 2m high and 6m wide.

 Optimum size and shape depends on the particle size,

moisture content, pore space and decomposition rate

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Aerated Static Pile Composting

 Networks of pipes are

connected to a blower which

supplies the air for composting

 A controlled air supply enables

formation of large piles, saving

land space.

 Traps or filters control odours

from the exhaust.

 Compost production takes about

6 to 12 weeks.

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In-vessel Composting System

 The feedstock is enclosed in a vessel that provides

adequate mixing, aeration and moisture.

 Vessel either rotates or is stationary, where a mixing

mechanism moves the material around.

 Advantage: all environmental conditions can be

controlled to allow rapid composting.

 It requires further curing after the material has been

discharged from the vessel

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Vermi composting

 It is the breakdown of

organic matter by some

species of earthworm

 Kitchen wastes except

oily and spicy items are

suitable.

 Material sprayed with

pesticides, high water

content materials etc are

not suitable.

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Biomethanation

 Methanogenic bacteria breakdown the organic material

under anaerobic condition and produce methane and

carbon dioxide.

 The effluent after digestion is a rich source of nutrients

and can be used as a fertilizer.

Bio gas unit - fixed dome model

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Types of Digesters

 Single-stage digester

 standard rate digester

 high rate digester

 Two-stage digester

Biogas Plants in India

 Floating drum type

 Fixed masonry dome type

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Incineration

 It is a chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and

other elements in the waste mix with oxygen in the

combustion zone and generates heat.

 Aim

 Volume reduction

 Stabilization of waste

 Recovery of energy from waste

 Sterilization of waste

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Pyrolysis

 Thermal degradation in the absence of O2

 Can be used for MSW, tyres, plastics and biomass

 Char,oil and combustible gases are the products – Used

for energy production

 End product is ash which must be landfilled

 Many types of Pyrolysis processes having different

heating rates and maximum temperatures exist

 Choice depends on the type of mix of solid, liquid and

gas required.

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Gasification

 Air is supplied to the waste

 Ash, tar and a gas product are formed

 Gas is utilized by direct combustion to produce heat or

steam for electricity

 Gas can be unclean and hence furnace must be

designed to tolerate this

 Gas can have varying compositions, hence furnace must

be able to handle this.

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Plasma Pyrolysis

 This technology gasifies matter in an oxygen-starved

environment to decompose waste materials in to its

basic molecular structure.

 It uses high electrical energy and high temperature

created by an electric arc gasifier.

 This arc breaks down waste primarily into elemental gas

and solid waste in a device called plasma converter.

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Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

• It is usually densified into pellets through

the process of pelletisation.

• The calorific value of RDF pellets can be

around 4000 kcal/ kg

• Enriched fuel may feed for other thermo-

chemical processes like Pyrolysis/

Gasification, apart from Incineration

• pellets can be conveniently stored and

transported.

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RECYCLING PROGRAMME

 Recycling is reprocessing of used materials

 Increases the economic value of the waste

 Reduces quantum of waste to be disposed.

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Important Recycling Materials: Advantages and Drawbacks

Material Advantage Drawbacks

Aluminum  Aluminum has a high market value.  Separate collection is important.

 Aluminum recycling requires significantly less  Recycling is suitable only if a processing plant

energy than producing aluminum from ore. is available.

Batteries  Recycling recovers valuable heavy metals such  Large variation in type and size of batteries

as lead, cadmium and mercury. requires specific recycling processes.

Concrete and  Demolition waste can be crushed to gravel and  Recycled waste is valuable only if there is a

demolition reused in road construction and landscaping. lack of other construction material.

waste

Glass  Use of recycled glass saves energy compared  Broken glass can contaminate and eliminate

with processing raw material. opportunities for recycling.

 Can be recycled indefinitely because it does not

deteriorate from reprocessing.

Organic waste  Most commonly recycled by composting or  Though compost is very beneficial to depleted

anaerobic digestion. soils, it still has a low market value.

Other metal  Scrap metal has a high market value (especially  High-value metals (such as copper and silver)

steel, copper, silver and platinum) and can be are incorporated in electronic devices, but

recycled indefinitely. extraction can cause severe environmental

impacts.

Paper  Paper can be easily recycled; quality  Appropriate technologies with circular

deteriorates. processes are required to protect the

 Recycled paper requires less energy. environment.

Polyethylene  PET can be recycled if segregated from other  More ‘downcyling’ than recycling occurs

terephthalate waste. because quality decreases with every

(PET)  PET has a high market value if processing processing cycle.

plants are available.

Other plastic  Such as polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, can  Recycling requires specific machinery

be recycled but has less value

Electronic  Electronic waste (such as computers or mobile  Metals are often covered with polyvinyl

waste phones) contains high value metals. chloride or resins, which are often smelted or

 Electronic items can be dismantled, reused or burned, causing toxic emissions.

recycled. 52

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Common Types of Plastics that may be recycled

Sl.No Chemical Name Abbreviation Typical uses

1 Polyethylene PETE Soft drink bottles

terephthalate

2 High-density HDPE Milk cartons

polyethylene

3 Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Food packaging, wire

insulation and pipe

4 Low-density LDPE Plastic film used for food

polyethylene wrapping, trash bags,

grocery bags, and baby

diapers

5 Polypropylene PP Automobile battery casings

and bottle caps

6 Polystyrene PS Food packaging, foam cups

and plates, and eating

utensils

7 Mixed plastic Fence posts, benches and

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pallets

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SANITARY LAND FILL

 Sanitary land fill is a systematic disposal

technique especially for the rejects after

processing on daily basis.

Essential Components of landfill

 liner system at the base and sides of the landfill

 leachate collection and control facility

 gas collection and control facility

 final cover system at the top of the landfill

 surface water drainage system

 environmental monitoring system

 closure and post-closure plan

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LAND FILL - CROSS SECTION OF BOTTOM LINER

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CASE STUDY

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Introduction

 Source- Municipal Solid Waste of Thiruvananthapuram

Municipal Corporation (TMC)

 TMC is carrying out door to door collection of

segregated waste during morning hours through

Kudumbasree

 It is then transferred to the closed trucks at specific

transfer points at scheduled time and finally

transported to the processing site at Vilappilsala .

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RECYCLING PROGRAMME

 Recycling is reprocessing of used materials

 Increases the economic value of the waste

 Reduces quantum of waste to be disposed.

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SWM plant at Vilappilsala

 Maximum capacity of the plant is

around 300 tons per day

 The plant consists of fully roofed

compost yard, sieving machines,

maturity yard and packing yard

 The plant has a built up area of

60,000 sq ft and another 25,000 sq ft

area will be added shortly.

 There is a weigh bridge that is used

to weigh all vehicles coming to the

plant.

 A laboratory is attached to the factory

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Method adopted

 Windrow Composting

 biodegradable wastes are allowed to form a

windrow, which has trapezoidal shape, in the

specified area by using excavator (Hitachi).

 The size of a windrow will depend on the nature of

the material being composted, and the reach of the

machinery or people available for making and

turning it

 The size of the windrow is 18 x 4 x 1.8 m

 Distance between two windrows is 1.5m

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Compost Plant 62

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Compost to product

The next step is mechanized sieving and the main parts of the

machine are:

 Feeder Conveyor (Feeding compartment)

 Primary Separation Unit (First Trommel)

 First rejection belt

 First product conveyor

 Refining trommel i.e. Second trommel

 Second rejection belt

 Second product conveyor

 Common rejection belt

 Hydraulic power packs

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Line diagram of Mechanised Composting

(Level 1) at Vilappilsala, Thiruvananthapuram

2nd product conveyor

2nd Trommel

1st product conveyor

1st Trommel

Feeder Conveyor 2nd rejection belt

1st rejection belt

Municipal Semi Product

Solid Waste

Common rejection

belt

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Line diagram of Mechanized Composting

(Level 2) at Vilappilsala, Thiruvananthapuram

Chute

Rejection belt

Trommel

To landfill

Semi Product

Product conveyor

Bio-manure

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Manure

 After 45 days, the biodegradable waste becomes

fine, fluffy, earthy material without any putrefying

smell

 It is used as a good soil amendment

 It has good water holding capacity

 It makes soil more porous

 It is a rich source of humus

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SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

Landfill:

TVM Corporation Waste Management Plant - VILAPPILSALA

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Landfill

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Auto used for door-to-door

collection Containerized pushcarts

used for door-to-door collection

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Closed truck (locally designed)

Road Sweeping machine

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Application of GIS in SWM

Site Suitability Analysis

 Suitable location for solid waste processing plant and/or

land filling

 Suitable location for solid waste Suitable location for solid

waste storage,

 Designing short routes for waste collection

 Creating databases for households that pay and those

who have not paid for the services

 Arranging time tables for trucks to collect waste and

monitoring the truck movement

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Biomedical Waste

Management

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Biomedical Waste

Any waste, which is generated during the

diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of

human beings or animals or in

research activities pertaining thereto or in

the production or testing of biologicals, and

including categories mentioned in

Schedule of the Biomedical Waste

(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.

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Schedule I

 Human Anatomical Waste

 Animal Waste

 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste

 Waste Sharps

 Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs

 Soiled Waste

 Solid Waste

 Liquid Waste

 Incineration Ash

 Chemical Waste

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Human Anatomical Waste

 Human tissues

 Organs

 Body parts

Animal waste

 Animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses,

bleeding parts, fluid, blood & experimental

animals used in research, waste generated by

veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from

hospitals, animal houses

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Microbiology &

Biotechnology Waste

Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks

or specimens of micro-organisms live or

attenuated vaccines, human and animal

cell culture used in research and

infectious agents from research and

industrial laboratories, wastes from

production of biologicals, toxins, dishes

and devices used for transfer of cultures

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Waste Sharps

 Needles

 Syringes

 Scalpels

 Blades

 Glass

That may cause puncture and cuts

This includes both used and unused

sharps

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Discarded Medicines &

Cytotoxic drugs

Wastes comprising of outdated

contaminated & discarded medicines

Soiled Waste

Items contaminated with blood, and body

fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled

plaster casts, lines, beddings, other

material contaminated with blood

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Solid Waste

Wastes generated from disposable items

other than the waste sharps such as

tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc

Liquid Waste

Waste generated from laboratory and

washing, cleaning, house-keeping and

disinfecting activities

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Incineration Ash

Ash from incineration of any biomedical

waste

Chemical Waste

Chemicals used in production of

biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection,

as insecticides, etc

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Institutions Generating

Biomedical Waste

 Hospital  Animal house

 Nursing home  Pathological

 Clinic laboratory

 Dispensary  Blood bank

 Veterinary

institution

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TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS

 Incineration

 Deep burial

 Autoclaving

 Microwaving

 Disinfection

 Mutilation

 Shredding

 Secured landfills

 Cytotoxic drugs

 Solid Chemical Waste after treatment

 Municipal landfill

 Incineration Ash

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INCINERATORS

 A. Operating Standards

 B. Emission Standards

 C. Pollution Control

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Operating Standards

 Combustion Efficiency at least 99.00%

 %CO

2

C.E. = ------------ X 100

%CO + % CO

2

 Temperature of the primary chamber 800 ±

50°C

 Secondary chamber gas residence time at

least I (one) second at 1050 ± 50°C, with

minimum 3% oxygen in the stack gas.

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Emission Standards

 Particulate matter 150 mg/Nm3

 Nitrogen Oxides 450 mg/Nm3

 HCL 50 mg/Nm3

 Minimum stack height 30 m

 Volatile organic compounds in ash <

0.01%

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Pollution Control

 Suitably Designed Pollution Control Devices

should be Installed

 Wastes Incinerated should not be Chemically

Treated with Chlorinated Disinfectants

 Chlorinated Plastics should not be Incinerated

 Toxic Metals in Incineration Ash Limited within

the Regulatory Quantities

 Low sulphur fuel used in Incinerator

 No chemical pretreatment before incineration

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Microwaving

 Not used for cytotoxic, hazardous or

radioactive wastes, contaminated animal

carcasses, body parts and large metal items

 Comply with efficacy test/routine tests and a

performance guarantee from supplier

 Completely & consistently kill bacteria and

other pathogenic organisms

 Biological indicators for microwave is Bacillus

Subtilis spores using vials or spore strips

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Disinfection

 Chemical treatment using 1% hypochlorite

solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent

 It must be ensured that chemical treatment

ensures disinfection

Mutilation and Shredding

To prevent unauthorized reuse

 Solid Waste

 Waste sharps

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SEGREGATION, PACKAGING,

TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE

 Should not mix with other wastes

 Segregated into containers/bags at the point

of generation

 Containers labeled according to Schedule III

 Transported only in authorised vehicles

 Untreated biomedical waste shall not stored

beyond 48 hr

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COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF

CONTAINER

 Yellow Plastic bag Cat. 1, 2 3 & 6 -

Incineration/deep burial

 Red Disinfected container/plastic bag - Cat. 3,

6, & 7 - Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical Treatment

 Blue/White Translucent Plastic bag/puncture

proof - Cat. 4 & 7 - Autoclaving/Microwaving/ Chemical

Treatment and destruction/shredding

 Black Plastic bag - Cat. 5 , 9 & 10 (solid) - Disposal in

secured landfill

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LABEL FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE

CONTAINERS/BAGS

Bio-Hazard Symbol Cytotoxic Hazard Symbol

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A vehicle for the transportation of

biomedical waste from healthcare

Institution

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MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS

 Maintain records related to the generation,

collection, reception, storage,

transportation, treatment, disposal of BMW

 All records shall be subject to inspection &

verification by prescribed authority at any

time

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HAZARDOUS WASTE

MANAGEMENT

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WHAT IS HAZARDOUS

WASTE?

 Any waste which by reason of any of its

physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,

flammable, explosive or corrosive

characteristics causes danger or is likely to

cause danger to health or environment,

whether alone or when in contact with other

wastes or substances

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Hazardous Waste

 Industrial, hospital, domestic waste containing

substances that pose toxicity or other hazards

 Flammable, Explosive, Toxic, Reactive, Corrosive

 India: 7 mi tonnes/yr mostly concentrated in AP,

Bihar, UP & TN

 Households: batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old

medicines, pesticides etc

 Hospitals: formaldehyde and phenols (disinfectants),

mercury (thermometers),

 Industry: Major generators are metal, chemical,

paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods

industries

 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste

such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

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Hazardous Waste

Management

 Inventorying generation

 Proper Storage and transport

 Disaster Management Plan

 Special Treatment Plants

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Hazardous Waste

Treatment

 Physical, Chemical and Biological methods

 Physical: pretreatment/primary treatment by

screening, sedimentation, absorption dialysis,

concentration, solidification etc.

 Chemical: conversions or reactions to reduce

toxicity or reactivity, e.g oxidation, reduction,

precipitation, ion exchange, neutralization,

detoxification

 Biological: aerobic, anaerobic processes,

bacterial leaching, etc.

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Hazardous Waste Disposal

 Disposal in secure landfill

 Co-disposal with large amounts of

municipal waste in secure landfill (dilution)

 Incineration

 Pyrolysis

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PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL HAZARDOUS

WASTES AMONG INDUSTRIES

12.60%

12%

75.40%

LARGE MEDIUM SMALL

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Hazardous Waste Landfill

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THE HAZARDOUS WASTES

(MANAGMENMT, HANDLING &

TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT) RULES

2008

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Environmental & Health

Implications

 Improper storage, handling, transportation,

treatment and disposal of HW can effect

human health and environment through

leakage of toxins into groundwater, soil,

and the atmosphere

 Populations may be adversely affected

when toxic wastes are ingested through

contaminated water and polluted air

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Electronic waste

management

108

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 Electronic industry is the world’s largest and

fastest growing manufacturing industry

 E waste is a collective name for discarded

electronic devices that enter the waste stream or

nearing the end of their "useful life"

 Consists of obsolete electronic devices such as

computers, monitors & display devices,

telecommunication devices such as cellular

phones, calculators, audio & video devices,

printers, scanners, copiers & fax machines

besides household equipments such as

refrigerators, air conditioners, televisions &

washing machines

109

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Sources of e-waste



110

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Quantity of E wastes

 E waste generation in developed countries

is estimated to be about 1% of total solid

waste generation and is expected to grow

to 2% by 2010

 As there is no separate collection of e-

waste in India, there is no clear data on the

quantity disposed of each year.

111

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Different type of Electric &Electronic

(E&E)Items

 House hold appliances

 Office, Information, & Communication

Equipments

 Entertainment & Consumer Electronics

 Lightning Equipments

 Electric and Electronic tools

 Toys, Leisure, Sports & Recreational Equipments

 Medical Instruments and Equipments

 Surveillance and Control Equipments

 Automatic Issuing Machines etc

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Waste from E&E Equipments

 Printed circuit boards

 Cathode ray tubes (CRT)

 Wires and cables

 Mercury switches

 Batteries

 Light generators (eg: lamps)

 Capacitors and resistors

 Sensors and connectors etc

Dangerous substances arising from waste from E&E

Equipments

 Mercury

 Cadmium

 Lead

 Hexavalent Chromium

 Arsenic

 Nickel etc

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ESTIMATED LIFE OF SELECTED CONSUMER

ELECTRONICS (in years)

Video/Audio/Information Products Range of Primary and Secondary Use

(Reuse) Life Expectancy (in years)

Direct View Color TV, Projection TV, 13 to 15

LCD Color TV

Videocassette Players , VCR Decks , 7 to 10

Laserdisc Players

Rack & Compact Audio System 3 to 15

Portable CD , Total CD Players 3 to 15

Home Radios 3 to 15

Cordless/Corded Telephones 3 to 6

Wireless Telephones 2 to 4

Telephone Answering Machines 3 to 6

Personal Computers, Modem/Fax 3 to 6

Modems, Fax Machines

Computer Printers 3 to 5

Computer Monitors 6 to 7

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Laboratory Equipment

Computer Equipment

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Materials arising from E&E waste

 Ferrous metals

 Iron & Steel (ranges b/w 16,000-33,000 tones a year)

 Non-ferrous metals

 Al, Cu & some precious metals (almost 13% of the waste produced)

 Glass

 It accounts 5.4% of total weight of waste every year

 Plastics etc

 Almost 21% of the waste. Some plastics are fire retardant which may

damage environment if not disposed properly

Valuable materials

 Gold, Platinum, Silver etc

Hazardous substance

 Natural & man made

 Cr is harmless in nature, but compounds are hazardous

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Toxic substances

Substance Occurrence in e-waste

Halogenated compounds

PCB Condensors, Transformers

PVC Cable Insulation

CFC Cooling unit, insulation foam

TBBA & PBB Fire retardants for plastics, TBBA is presently the most

widely used flame retardant in printed writing boards &

casings

Heavy metals and other metals

Arsenic Small quantities in the form of gallium arsenide within

light emitting diodes

Barium Getters in CRT

Beryllium Power supply boxes which contain silicon controlled

rectifiers & x-ray lens

Cadmium Rechargeable NiCd-batteries, Fluorescent layer (CRT

Screen), printer ink, toner, photocopying machines

Chromium VI Floppy disks, data types

Lead CRT screens, batteries, printed wire boards

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Lithium Li-batteries

Mercury Fluorescent lamps that provide

backlighting in LCD’s in some

alkaline batteries & mercury wetted

switches

Nickel Rechargeable NiCd-batteries,

electron gun in CRT

Rare earth elements (Yttrium, Fluorescent layer (CRT Screen)

Europium)

Selenium Older photocopying machines

Zinc Sulphide Interior of CRT screens, mixed with

rare earth metals

Others

Toner dust Toner, Photocopying machines

Radioactive substances Medical equipments, fire detectors,

smoke detectors

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Effect of heavy metals

Arsenic

•Poisonous metallic element present in dust &

soluble substance

•Chronic exposure leads to skin disease, decrease

nerve conduction velocity, lung cancer & often be

fatal

Barium

•Metallic element in sparkplugs, fluorescent lamps &

getters in vacuum tubes

•Unstable in pure form & forms poisonous oxides

when in contact with air

•Short term exposure could lead to brain swelling,

muscle weakness, damage to heart, liver & spleen

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CFC’s

•Used in cooling units & insulation foam.

•Stratosphere- deleterious effect on ozone layer.

•Genetic damage to many organism & skin cancer in

humans

Chromium

•Easily absorbed in human body & toxic effects within

cells

•Irritating to eyes, skin & mucous membrane

•Chronic- eye injury & DNA damage.

Dioxins

•Unwanted by-products –pesticides

•Toxic to animals & humans- decreased reproduction &

growth rates, impairement to immune system among

others

•Toxic dioxin is 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

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Mercury

•Bioaccumulates causing brain & liver damage

•Hazardous because 56% Cl when burned

produces large quantities of Hydrogen Chloride

which combines with water to form HCL

•Leads to respiratory problems

Cadmium

•Acute exposure – weakness, fever, headache,

chill, sweating & muscular pain

•Long term- lung cancer & kidney damage,

pulmonary emphysema & bone disease

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Waste disposal from E&E Equipments

•Incineration

•Open burning

•Land filling

•Recycling of components

Cable recycling

•Cable burning

•Cable stripping & shredding

CRT recycling

Deflector coils & electron guns – hammer

Smelting plants

•Printed wire board recycling etc

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Thank You