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Solid Waste Management
Geena Prasad
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What is Solid Waste?
Solid Waste (also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, or junk) is unwanted or unusable materials.
What is Solid Waste Management?
SWM is the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transportation, processing and disposal of
solid wastes.
This includes all technological, financial, institutional and
legal aspects involved to solve the whole spectrum of
issues related solid wastes
Objective: Reduction in generation and proper disposal..
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Major types of SW
Municipal Waste
Hazardous Waste
Biomedical Waste
Electronic Waste
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Municipal Solid Waste
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Classification of SW
Classified into two
based on source of generation
based on type
Classification based on Source
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Municipal
Industrial
Agricultural
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Classification based on type
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable
consist of
inorganic and
consist of organic recyclable
matter and can
materials which
be degraded cannot be
degraded
Paper, food waste,
Plastics
vegetables and
fruit peels, wood, Glass
etc. Metals
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Type Description Source
Garbage Wastes from the preparation, cooking and serving of food, market Households, institutions and
refuse, waste from the handling, storage, and sale of produce and commercial concerns such as
meat. hotels, stores, restaurants,
Combustible Combustible (primarily organic) paper, cardboard, cartons, wood, market, etc
& non- boxes, plastic, rags, cloth, bedding, leather, rubber, grass, leaves,
combustible yard trimmings etc.
Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and for heating building
cinders
Bulky wastes Large auto parts, tyres, stoves, refrigerators, other large Streets, sidewalks, alleys,
appliances, furniture, large crates, trees branches, stumps etc vacant plots etc.
Street wastes Street sweepings, dirt, leaves etc.
Dead animals Dogs, cats, rats, donkeys etc.
Abandoned Automobiles and spare parts
vehicles
Construction Roofing and sheathing scraps, rubble, broken concrete, plaster, Construction and demolition
& demolition conduit pipe, wire, insulation etc sites
wastes
Industrial Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and Factories, power plants etc
wastes manufacturing operations, such as food processing wastes, boiler
house cinders, wood, plastic and metal scraps, shaving etc.
Hazardous Pathological wastes, explosives, radioactive materials etc. Households, hospitals,
wastes institutions,stores, industry etc
Animals & Manure, crop residues etc. Livestock, farms, feedlots and
agricultural agriculture
wastes
Sewage Coarse screening grit, septic tank sludge, dewatered sludge. Sewage treatment plants and
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treatment septic tanks.
residue
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Degeneration Time -Solid Wastes
Category Type of waste Approximate time
taken to degenerate
Organic waste such as A week or two
vegetable and fruit
peels, food waste etc
Paper Upto 30 days
Biodegradable
Cotton cloth 2-5 months
Woollen items 1 year
Wood upto15 years
Non-biodegradable Tin, aluminum, and 100-500 years
other metal items such
as cans
Plastic bags One million years?
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Glass bottles Undetermined
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Functional elements associated with SWM
•Waste generation
•Waste Storage
•Waste collection
•Transfer & transport
•Processing
•Disposal of final rejects
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Composition of Municipal waste
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SWM Activities-2 major areas
S W M
Social Technological
Engineering Interventions
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Solid Waste Management in India
SWM is the primary responsibility and duty of the Urban
Local Bodies
Direction from Supreme Court - MoEF issued Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
These rules stipulate various steps and standards for
achieving effective SWM
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SWM In India-contd..
CPHEEO estimation- Per capita waste
generation 200 to 600 gm/day
CPCB: collection coverage is 50 to 90%
and 94% of the collected waste disposed of
without scientific management practices
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Some Facts about MSW in India
• There are 4,378 cities and towns in India
• Total urban population : 28.5 crores
• 423 are class I cities (population exceeds 1 lakh)
• These contribute more than 72% of the total
MSW
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Waste Generation in Class 1 Cities
Type of cities Waste % of total
generated- garbage
Tonnes/day
The 7 mega cities 21,100 18.35
The 28 metro cities 19,643 17.08
The 388 class 1 towns 42,635 37.07
Total 83,378 72.50
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Status of SWM in Kerala
LSGIs Waste generated- % of total waste
Tonnes/day
Corporations 1069 18.19
Municipalities 683 11.62
Gr. Panchayats 4126 70.19
Total 5878 100
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WASTE GENERATION
Information on waste quantity and composition is
essential for formulating SWM plan for any city
Factors affecting waste generation
Location
Climate
Socio-economic factors
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Waste Characteristics
Chemical
Lipids
Physical Carbohydrates
Proteins
•Density of waste Natural fibres
•Moisture content Synthetic organic
•Size materials
Non-
combustibles
etc.
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WASTE COLLECTION,
STORAGE
& TRANSPORT
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The factors that influence the waste collection system
Collection
Record points
Collection
keeping &
frequency
Documentation
Transfer WASTE Storage
Station WASTE containers
COLLECTION,
COLLECTION,
STORAGE
STORAGE
&TRANSPORT
& TRANSPORT
Collection
Collection
Vehicle
crew
Routing
Collection Collection
Vehicles route
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Collection points
Residential Commercial Industrial
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Collection frequency
Climatic conditions
and requirements Containers Costs
of a locality
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Storage
Activities associated with the handling of
SW until they are placed in the containers
used for storage before collection
ON-SITE STORAGE:
Factors considered:
1. Types of containers used
2. Container Locations
3. Public health
4. Aesthetics Segregation at source
5. Methods of Collection
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Collection crew
The size of the collection crew depends on
The size and type of collection vehicle
used
Space between the houses
Waste generation rate
Collection frequency.
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Various management arrangements, ranging
from municipal services, using self help groups
to franchised services are prevailing for waste
collection.
Kerala, one of the pioneering states that
implemented the decentralization of power to
local governments has initiated many models in
collection of solid wastes from the sources to the
transportation points using the Self Help Groups,
known as Kudumbasree groups, formed under
the State Poverty Alleviation Mission.
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Kudumbasree groups are
involved in collection of wastes
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Waste Collection
Separate vehicles have to be employed to
transport the biodegradable waste &
mixed non-recyclable waste.
All waste to be collected from collection
points within 24 hrs.
There can be many deficiencies in the
collection system, the main deficiency
being spillage during loading operations
and collection on need basis.
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Collection Vehicles
The collection vehicle could be a motorized vehicle, a
pushcart or a trailer towed by a suitable prime
mover (tractor, etc).
The collection vehicle selected must be appropriate
to the terrain, type and density of waste generation
points, the way it travels and type and kind of
material
It also depends upon strength, stature and capability
of the crew that will work with it. The collection
vehicle may be small and simple (e.g., two-
wheeled cart pulled by an individual) or large,
complex and energy intensive (e.g., rear loading
compactor truck).
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Small-scale collection
generally used in rural hilly areas
These can be small rickshaws,
carts or wagons pulled by people
or animals, and are less expensive,
easier to build and maintain
compared to other vehicles
They are suitable for densely
populated areas with narrow lanes,
and squatter settlements, where
there is relatively low volume of
waste generated
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Non-compactor trucks
Non-compactor trucks are efficient and
cost effective in small cities and in areas
where wastes tend to be very dense and
have little potential for compaction
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Compactor vehicles
•The vehicles equipped
with hydraulic loading
arm hook the bins and
unload the waste into
the vehicle
compartment
•The manual handling
of waste is avoided
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Collection route
Proper planning of collection route helps conserve energy
and minimize working hours and vehicle fuel consumption.
It is necessary, therefore, to develop detailed route
configurations and collection schedules for the selected
collection system.
Barriers, such as railroad, embankments, rivers and roads
with heavy traffic, can be considered to divide route territories.
Routing (network) analyses and planning can be done
using the detailed maps prepared using remote sensing
data and GIS
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Collection Vehicle Routing
Efficient routing of solid waste collection vehicles
can help decrease costs by reducing the labour
expended for collection.
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Transportation of Waste
Compactors and properly covered dump trucks were
to be utilized to transport the waste to the landfill site.
Separate vehicles were to be employed for
transportation of biodegradable waste and mixed
recyclable waste.
Compactor loaders directly lift the bin, unload the
waste and replace it in the original position.
Choice of vehicle depends on the access roads to
individual sites.
Dump trucks are fitted with hydraulic equipments
which enable them to unload waste without the help
of manual labour.
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Record keeping and
Documentation
Records of personnel and quantities of
wastes collected are useful in determining
the efficiency of the personnel and in
correlating waste quantities with conditions
in the service area. A time keeping system
at the transfer or disposal site is a key
element in improving the efficiency of
collection system and planning an upgraded
system
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Technological Options
Thermo-chemical
Bio-chemical
Conversion
conversion
Composting Incineration
Pyrolysis &
Gasification
Bio-methanation
Plasma Pyrolysis
Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF)
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Composting
Composting is the biodegradation of organic matter like food
waste, vegetable waste, garden waste etc – producing humus
The decomposition is performed by micro-organisms, mostly
bacteria, but also yeasts and fungi.
Composting proceeds through 4 phases
1. Mesophilic 2. Thermophilic
3. Cooling 4. Maturation
phase-upto phase-upto
o o phase phase
40 C 70 C
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Different types of Composting
Windrow
Aerated static pile
In-vessel composting
Vermi composting
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Windrow Composting
Windrows are defined as regularly turned elongated
piles, trapezoidal in cross section.
Size of Windrows- upto 2m high and 6m wide.
Optimum size and shape depends on the particle size,
moisture content, pore space and decomposition rate
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Aerated Static Pile Composting
Networks of pipes are
connected to a blower which
supplies the air for composting
A controlled air supply enables
formation of large piles, saving
land space.
Traps or filters control odours
from the exhaust.
Compost production takes about
6 to 12 weeks.
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In-vessel Composting System
The feedstock is enclosed in a vessel that provides
adequate mixing, aeration and moisture.
Vessel either rotates or is stationary, where a mixing
mechanism moves the material around.
Advantage: all environmental conditions can be
controlled to allow rapid composting.
It requires further curing after the material has been
discharged from the vessel
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Vermi composting
It is the breakdown of
organic matter by some
species of earthworm
Kitchen wastes except
oily and spicy items are
suitable.
Material sprayed with
pesticides, high water
content materials etc are
not suitable.
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Biomethanation
Methanogenic bacteria breakdown the organic material
under anaerobic condition and produce methane and
carbon dioxide.
The effluent after digestion is a rich source of nutrients
and can be used as a fertilizer.
Bio gas unit - fixed dome model
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Types of Digesters
Single-stage digester
standard rate digester
high rate digester
Two-stage digester
Biogas Plants in India
Floating drum type
Fixed masonry dome type
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Incineration
It is a chemical reaction in which carbon, hydrogen and
other elements in the waste mix with oxygen in the
combustion zone and generates heat.
Aim
Volume reduction
Stabilization of waste
Recovery of energy from waste
Sterilization of waste
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Pyrolysis
Thermal degradation in the absence of O2
Can be used for MSW, tyres, plastics and biomass
Char,oil and combustible gases are the products – Used
for energy production
End product is ash which must be landfilled
Many types of Pyrolysis processes having different
heating rates and maximum temperatures exist
Choice depends on the type of mix of solid, liquid and
gas required.
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Gasification
Air is supplied to the waste
Ash, tar and a gas product are formed
Gas is utilized by direct combustion to produce heat or
steam for electricity
Gas can be unclean and hence furnace must be
designed to tolerate this
Gas can have varying compositions, hence furnace must
be able to handle this.
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Plasma Pyrolysis
This technology gasifies matter in an oxygen-starved
environment to decompose waste materials in to its
basic molecular structure.
It uses high electrical energy and high temperature
created by an electric arc gasifier.
This arc breaks down waste primarily into elemental gas
and solid waste in a device called plasma converter.
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Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
• It is usually densified into pellets through
the process of pelletisation.
• The calorific value of RDF pellets can be
around 4000 kcal/ kg
• Enriched fuel may feed for other thermo-
chemical processes like Pyrolysis/
Gasification, apart from Incineration
• pellets can be conveniently stored and
transported.
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RECYCLING PROGRAMME
Recycling is reprocessing of used materials
Increases the economic value of the waste
Reduces quantum of waste to be disposed.
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Important Recycling Materials: Advantages and Drawbacks
Material Advantage Drawbacks
Aluminum Aluminum has a high market value. Separate collection is important.
Aluminum recycling requires significantly less Recycling is suitable only if a processing plant
energy than producing aluminum from ore. is available.
Batteries Recycling recovers valuable heavy metals such Large variation in type and size of batteries
as lead, cadmium and mercury. requires specific recycling processes.
Concrete and Demolition waste can be crushed to gravel and Recycled waste is valuable only if there is a
demolition reused in road construction and landscaping. lack of other construction material.
waste
Glass Use of recycled glass saves energy compared Broken glass can contaminate and eliminate
with processing raw material. opportunities for recycling.
Can be recycled indefinitely because it does not
deteriorate from reprocessing.
Organic waste Most commonly recycled by composting or Though compost is very beneficial to depleted
anaerobic digestion. soils, it still has a low market value.
Other metal Scrap metal has a high market value (especially High-value metals (such as copper and silver)
steel, copper, silver and platinum) and can be are incorporated in electronic devices, but
recycled indefinitely. extraction can cause severe environmental
impacts.
Paper Paper can be easily recycled; quality Appropriate technologies with circular
deteriorates. processes are required to protect the
Recycled paper requires less energy. environment.
Polyethylene PET can be recycled if segregated from other More ‘downcyling’ than recycling occurs
terephthalate waste. because quality decreases with every
(PET) PET has a high market value if processing processing cycle.
plants are available.
Other plastic Such as polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, can Recycling requires specific machinery
be recycled but has less value
Electronic Electronic waste (such as computers or mobile Metals are often covered with polyvinyl
waste phones) contains high value metals. chloride or resins, which are often smelted or
Electronic items can be dismantled, reused or burned, causing toxic emissions.
recycled. 52
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Common Types of Plastics that may be recycled
Sl.No Chemical Name Abbreviation Typical uses
1 Polyethylene PETE Soft drink bottles
terephthalate
2 High-density HDPE Milk cartons
polyethylene
3 Polyvinyl Chloride PVC Food packaging, wire
insulation and pipe
4 Low-density LDPE Plastic film used for food
polyethylene wrapping, trash bags,
grocery bags, and baby
diapers
5 Polypropylene PP Automobile battery casings
and bottle caps
6 Polystyrene PS Food packaging, foam cups
and plates, and eating
utensils
7 Mixed plastic Fence posts, benches and
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pallets
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SANITARY LAND FILL
Sanitary land fill is a systematic disposal
technique especially for the rejects after
processing on daily basis.
Essential Components of landfill
liner system at the base and sides of the landfill
leachate collection and control facility
gas collection and control facility
final cover system at the top of the landfill
surface water drainage system
environmental monitoring system
closure and post-closure plan
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LAND FILL - CROSS SECTION OF BOTTOM LINER
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CASE STUDY
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Introduction
Source- Municipal Solid Waste of Thiruvananthapuram
Municipal Corporation (TMC)
TMC is carrying out door to door collection of
segregated waste during morning hours through
Kudumbasree
It is then transferred to the closed trucks at specific
transfer points at scheduled time and finally
transported to the processing site at Vilappilsala .
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RECYCLING PROGRAMME
Recycling is reprocessing of used materials
Increases the economic value of the waste
Reduces quantum of waste to be disposed.
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SWM plant at Vilappilsala
Maximum capacity of the plant is
around 300 tons per day
The plant consists of fully roofed
compost yard, sieving machines,
maturity yard and packing yard
The plant has a built up area of
60,000 sq ft and another 25,000 sq ft
area will be added shortly.
There is a weigh bridge that is used
to weigh all vehicles coming to the
plant.
A laboratory is attached to the factory
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Method adopted
Windrow Composting
biodegradable wastes are allowed to form a
windrow, which has trapezoidal shape, in the
specified area by using excavator (Hitachi).
The size of a windrow will depend on the nature of
the material being composted, and the reach of the
machinery or people available for making and
turning it
The size of the windrow is 18 x 4 x 1.8 m
Distance between two windrows is 1.5m
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Compost Plant 62
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Compost to product
The next step is mechanized sieving and the main parts of the
machine are:
Feeder Conveyor (Feeding compartment)
Primary Separation Unit (First Trommel)
First rejection belt
First product conveyor
Refining trommel i.e. Second trommel
Second rejection belt
Second product conveyor
Common rejection belt
Hydraulic power packs
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Line diagram of Mechanised Composting
(Level 1) at Vilappilsala, Thiruvananthapuram
2nd product conveyor
2nd Trommel
1st product conveyor
1st Trommel
Feeder Conveyor 2nd rejection belt
1st rejection belt
Municipal Semi Product
Solid Waste
Common rejection
belt
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Line diagram of Mechanized Composting
(Level 2) at Vilappilsala, Thiruvananthapuram
Chute
Rejection belt
Trommel
To landfill
Semi Product
Product conveyor
Bio-manure
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Manure
After 45 days, the biodegradable waste becomes
fine, fluffy, earthy material without any putrefying
smell
It is used as a good soil amendment
It has good water holding capacity
It makes soil more porous
It is a rich source of humus
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SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Landfill:
TVM Corporation Waste Management Plant - VILAPPILSALA
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Landfill
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Auto used for door-to-door
collection Containerized pushcarts
used for door-to-door collection
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Closed truck (locally designed)
Road Sweeping machine
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Application of GIS in SWM
Site Suitability Analysis
Suitable location for solid waste processing plant and/or
land filling
Suitable location for solid waste Suitable location for solid
waste storage,
Designing short routes for waste collection
Creating databases for households that pay and those
who have not paid for the services
Arranging time tables for trucks to collect waste and
monitoring the truck movement
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Biomedical Waste
Management
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Biomedical Waste
Any waste, which is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of
human beings or animals or in
research activities pertaining thereto or in
the production or testing of biologicals, and
including categories mentioned in
Schedule of the Biomedical Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.
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Schedule I
Human Anatomical Waste
Animal Waste
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Waste Sharps
Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs
Soiled Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Incineration Ash
Chemical Waste
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Human Anatomical Waste
Human tissues
Organs
Body parts
Animal waste
Animal tissues, organs, body parts carcasses,
bleeding parts, fluid, blood & experimental
animals used in research, waste generated by
veterinary hospitals colleges, discharge from
hospitals, animal houses
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Microbiology &
Biotechnology Waste
Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks
or specimens of micro-organisms live or
attenuated vaccines, human and animal
cell culture used in research and
infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from
production of biologicals, toxins, dishes
and devices used for transfer of cultures
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Waste Sharps
Needles
Syringes
Scalpels
Blades
Glass
That may cause puncture and cuts
This includes both used and unused
sharps
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Discarded Medicines &
Cytotoxic drugs
Wastes comprising of outdated
contaminated & discarded medicines
Soiled Waste
Items contaminated with blood, and body
fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled
plaster casts, lines, beddings, other
material contaminated with blood
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Solid Waste
Wastes generated from disposable items
other than the waste sharps such as
tubings, catheters, intravenous sets etc
Liquid Waste
Waste generated from laboratory and
washing, cleaning, house-keeping and
disinfecting activities
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Incineration Ash
Ash from incineration of any biomedical
waste
Chemical Waste
Chemicals used in production of
biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection,
as insecticides, etc
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Institutions Generating
Biomedical Waste
Hospital Animal house
Nursing home Pathological
Clinic laboratory
Dispensary Blood bank
Veterinary
institution
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TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS
Incineration
Deep burial
Autoclaving
Microwaving
Disinfection
Mutilation
Shredding
Secured landfills
Cytotoxic drugs
Solid Chemical Waste after treatment
Municipal landfill
Incineration Ash
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INCINERATORS
A. Operating Standards
B. Emission Standards
C. Pollution Control
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Operating Standards
Combustion Efficiency at least 99.00%
%CO
2
C.E. = ------------ X 100
%CO + % CO
2
Temperature of the primary chamber 800 ±
50°C
Secondary chamber gas residence time at
least I (one) second at 1050 ± 50°C, with
minimum 3% oxygen in the stack gas.
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Emission Standards
Particulate matter 150 mg/Nm3
Nitrogen Oxides 450 mg/Nm3
HCL 50 mg/Nm3
Minimum stack height 30 m
Volatile organic compounds in ash <
0.01%
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Pollution Control
Suitably Designed Pollution Control Devices
should be Installed
Wastes Incinerated should not be Chemically
Treated with Chlorinated Disinfectants
Chlorinated Plastics should not be Incinerated
Toxic Metals in Incineration Ash Limited within
the Regulatory Quantities
Low sulphur fuel used in Incinerator
No chemical pretreatment before incineration
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Microwaving
Not used for cytotoxic, hazardous or
radioactive wastes, contaminated animal
carcasses, body parts and large metal items
Comply with efficacy test/routine tests and a
performance guarantee from supplier
Completely & consistently kill bacteria and
other pathogenic organisms
Biological indicators for microwave is Bacillus
Subtilis spores using vials or spore strips
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Disinfection
Chemical treatment using 1% hypochlorite
solution or any other equivalent chemical reagent
It must be ensured that chemical treatment
ensures disinfection
Mutilation and Shredding
To prevent unauthorized reuse
Solid Waste
Waste sharps
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SEGREGATION, PACKAGING,
TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE
Should not mix with other wastes
Segregated into containers/bags at the point
of generation
Containers labeled according to Schedule III
Transported only in authorised vehicles
Untreated biomedical waste shall not stored
beyond 48 hr
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COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF
CONTAINER
Yellow Plastic bag Cat. 1, 2 3 & 6 -
Incineration/deep burial
Red Disinfected container/plastic bag - Cat. 3,
6, & 7 - Autoclaving/Microwaving/Chemical Treatment
Blue/White Translucent Plastic bag/puncture
proof - Cat. 4 & 7 - Autoclaving/Microwaving/ Chemical
Treatment and destruction/shredding
Black Plastic bag - Cat. 5 , 9 & 10 (solid) - Disposal in
secured landfill
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LABEL FOR BIOMEDICAL WASTE
CONTAINERS/BAGS
Bio-Hazard Symbol Cytotoxic Hazard Symbol
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A vehicle for the transportation of
biomedical waste from healthcare
Institution
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MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS
Maintain records related to the generation,
collection, reception, storage,
transportation, treatment, disposal of BMW
All records shall be subject to inspection &
verification by prescribed authority at any
time
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT
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WHAT IS HAZARDOUS
WASTE?
Any waste which by reason of any of its
physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,
flammable, explosive or corrosive
characteristics causes danger or is likely to
cause danger to health or environment,
whether alone or when in contact with other
wastes or substances
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Hazardous Waste
Industrial, hospital, domestic waste containing
substances that pose toxicity or other hazards
Flammable, Explosive, Toxic, Reactive, Corrosive
India: 7 mi tonnes/yr mostly concentrated in AP,
Bihar, UP & TN
Households: batteries, shoe polish, paint tins, old
medicines, pesticides etc
Hospitals: formaldehyde and phenols (disinfectants),
mercury (thermometers),
Industry: Major generators are metal, chemical,
paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries
Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste
such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.
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Hazardous Waste
Management
Inventorying generation
Proper Storage and transport
Disaster Management Plan
Special Treatment Plants
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Hazardous Waste
Treatment
Physical, Chemical and Biological methods
Physical: pretreatment/primary treatment by
screening, sedimentation, absorption dialysis,
concentration, solidification etc.
Chemical: conversions or reactions to reduce
toxicity or reactivity, e.g oxidation, reduction,
precipitation, ion exchange, neutralization,
detoxification
Biological: aerobic, anaerobic processes,
bacterial leaching, etc.
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Hazardous Waste Disposal
Disposal in secure landfill
Co-disposal with large amounts of
municipal waste in secure landfill (dilution)
Incineration
Pyrolysis
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PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL HAZARDOUS
WASTES AMONG INDUSTRIES
12.60%
12%
75.40%
LARGE MEDIUM SMALL
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Hazardous Waste Landfill
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THE HAZARDOUS WASTES
(MANAGMENMT, HANDLING &
TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT) RULES
2008
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Environmental & Health
Implications
Improper storage, handling, transportation,
treatment and disposal of HW can effect
human health and environment through
leakage of toxins into groundwater, soil,
and the atmosphere
Populations may be adversely affected
when toxic wastes are ingested through
contaminated water and polluted air
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Electronic waste
management
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Electronic industry is the world’s largest and
fastest growing manufacturing industry
E waste is a collective name for discarded
electronic devices that enter the waste stream or
nearing the end of their "useful life"
Consists of obsolete electronic devices such as
computers, monitors & display devices,
telecommunication devices such as cellular
phones, calculators, audio & video devices,
printers, scanners, copiers & fax machines
besides household equipments such as
refrigerators, air conditioners, televisions &
washing machines
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Sources of e-waste
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Quantity of E wastes
E waste generation in developed countries
is estimated to be about 1% of total solid
waste generation and is expected to grow
to 2% by 2010
As there is no separate collection of e-
waste in India, there is no clear data on the
quantity disposed of each year.
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Different type of Electric &Electronic
(E&E)Items
House hold appliances
Office, Information, & Communication
Equipments
Entertainment & Consumer Electronics
Lightning Equipments
Electric and Electronic tools
Toys, Leisure, Sports & Recreational Equipments
Medical Instruments and Equipments
Surveillance and Control Equipments
Automatic Issuing Machines etc
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Waste from E&E Equipments
Printed circuit boards
Cathode ray tubes (CRT)
Wires and cables
Mercury switches
Batteries
Light generators (eg: lamps)
Capacitors and resistors
Sensors and connectors etc
Dangerous substances arising from waste from E&E
Equipments
Mercury
Cadmium
Lead
Hexavalent Chromium
Arsenic
Nickel etc
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ESTIMATED LIFE OF SELECTED CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS (in years)
Video/Audio/Information Products Range of Primary and Secondary Use
(Reuse) Life Expectancy (in years)
Direct View Color TV, Projection TV, 13 to 15
LCD Color TV
Videocassette Players , VCR Decks , 7 to 10
Laserdisc Players
Rack & Compact Audio System 3 to 15
Portable CD , Total CD Players 3 to 15
Home Radios 3 to 15
Cordless/Corded Telephones 3 to 6
Wireless Telephones 2 to 4
Telephone Answering Machines 3 to 6
Personal Computers, Modem/Fax 3 to 6
Modems, Fax Machines
Computer Printers 3 to 5
Computer Monitors 6 to 7
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Laboratory Equipment
Computer Equipment
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Materials arising from E&E waste
Ferrous metals
Iron & Steel (ranges b/w 16,000-33,000 tones a year)
Non-ferrous metals
Al, Cu & some precious metals (almost 13% of the waste produced)
Glass
It accounts 5.4% of total weight of waste every year
Plastics etc
Almost 21% of the waste. Some plastics are fire retardant which may
damage environment if not disposed properly
Valuable materials
Gold, Platinum, Silver etc
Hazardous substance
Natural & man made
Cr is harmless in nature, but compounds are hazardous
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Toxic substances
Substance Occurrence in e-waste
Halogenated compounds
PCB Condensors, Transformers
PVC Cable Insulation
CFC Cooling unit, insulation foam
TBBA & PBB Fire retardants for plastics, TBBA is presently the most
widely used flame retardant in printed writing boards &
casings
Heavy metals and other metals
Arsenic Small quantities in the form of gallium arsenide within
light emitting diodes
Barium Getters in CRT
Beryllium Power supply boxes which contain silicon controlled
rectifiers & x-ray lens
Cadmium Rechargeable NiCd-batteries, Fluorescent layer (CRT
Screen), printer ink, toner, photocopying machines
Chromium VI Floppy disks, data types
Lead CRT screens, batteries, printed wire boards
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Lithium Li-batteries
Mercury Fluorescent lamps that provide
backlighting in LCD’s in some
alkaline batteries & mercury wetted
switches
Nickel Rechargeable NiCd-batteries,
electron gun in CRT
Rare earth elements (Yttrium, Fluorescent layer (CRT Screen)
Europium)
Selenium Older photocopying machines
Zinc Sulphide Interior of CRT screens, mixed with
rare earth metals
Others
Toner dust Toner, Photocopying machines
Radioactive substances Medical equipments, fire detectors,
smoke detectors
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Effect of heavy metals
Arsenic
•Poisonous metallic element present in dust &
soluble substance
•Chronic exposure leads to skin disease, decrease
nerve conduction velocity, lung cancer & often be
fatal
Barium
•Metallic element in sparkplugs, fluorescent lamps &
getters in vacuum tubes
•Unstable in pure form & forms poisonous oxides
when in contact with air
•Short term exposure could lead to brain swelling,
muscle weakness, damage to heart, liver & spleen
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CFC’s
•Used in cooling units & insulation foam.
•Stratosphere- deleterious effect on ozone layer.
•Genetic damage to many organism & skin cancer in
humans
Chromium
•Easily absorbed in human body & toxic effects within
cells
•Irritating to eyes, skin & mucous membrane
•Chronic- eye injury & DNA damage.
Dioxins
•Unwanted by-products –pesticides
•Toxic to animals & humans- decreased reproduction &
growth rates, impairement to immune system among
others
•Toxic dioxin is 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
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Mercury
•Bioaccumulates causing brain & liver damage
•Hazardous because 56% Cl when burned
produces large quantities of Hydrogen Chloride
which combines with water to form HCL
•Leads to respiratory problems
Cadmium
•Acute exposure – weakness, fever, headache,
chill, sweating & muscular pain
•Long term- lung cancer & kidney damage,
pulmonary emphysema & bone disease
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Waste disposal from E&E Equipments
•Incineration
•Open burning
•Land filling
•Recycling of components
Cable recycling
•Cable burning
•Cable stripping & shredding
CRT recycling
Deflector coils & electron guns – hammer
Smelting plants
•Printed wire board recycling etc
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Thank You
